K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (Privacy)
Nine-judge bench; privacy as fundamental right; limits on state surveillance.
IRAC Analysis
Whether the Constitution guarantees a fundamental right to privacy.
Privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and part of the freedoms in Article 19. Any intrusion must meet legality, necessity, and proportionality. The judgment underpins data-protection law and digital-rights litigation.